Operators

Inko supports a variety of different operators, such as - and %. These operators are infix operators, meaning you place the operators between the operands. For example, to subtract b from a you'd write a - b. We call such expressions "binary expressions".

Unlike other languages, operators aren't limited to just numerical types. In fact, they are messages that any object can respond to; provided they implement the right trait(s).

Available operators

The following operators are available:

Operator	Example	Trait to implement
+	a + b	Add
/	a / b	Divide
*	a * b	Multiply
-	a - b	Subtract
%	a % b	Modulo
<	a < b	Smaller
>	a > b	Greater
==	a == b	Equal
>=	a >= b	GreaterOrEqual
<=	a <= b	SmallerOrEqual
&	a & b	BitwiseAnd
|	a | b	BitwiseOr
^	a ^ b	BitwiseXor
<<	a << b	ShiftLeft
>>	a >> b	ShiftRight
=~	a =~ b	Match

You can find these traits in the std::operators module, and must import them if you want to implement them for your type(s).

Inko does not support prefix operators such as !foo.

Operator precedence

It's common for languages to give different operators a different precedence. For example, in Ruby 1 + 2 * 4 is parsed as 1 + (2 * 4), producing 9 as the result. In Inko, the associativity of operators is left-associative. This means that 1 + 2 * 4 is parsed as (1 + 2) * 4, producing 12 as the result.

Coming from other languages this may take some getting used to, and may even seen as a bug. But the choice is deliberate: it's easier to remember operator precedence if it's the same for all operators, instead of some operators having a different precedence.

If you want to force a different precedence, you want wrap an expression in parentheses. For example, if we want 1 + 2 * 4 to be parsed as is done in Ruby you' write:

1 + (2 * 4)

Eagerness

All operates use eager evaluation, and there is no way to evaluate operands in a lazy fashion.

Boolean operators

Most languages provide a && (boolean AND) and || (boolean OR) operator. These operators typically use lazy evaluation, meaning that for expression foo && bar the bar part is only evaluated if foo produces a boolean TRUE.

Inko does not provide these operators. Instead, all booleans respond to the messages and and or, both which take a closure to evaluate. So instead of writing foo && bar you'd write foo.and { bar }. Here are a few more examples, using Ruby as a comparison:

Ruby	Inko
a && b	a.and { b }
a || b	a.or { b }
a && b && c	a.and { b }.and { c }
a && b || c	a.and { b }.or { c }

Sending messages

If you want to send a message to the result of a binary expression, you need to wrap the expression in parentheses. For example:

(1 + 2).to_string # => '3'

If you leave out the parentheses, the message will be sent to the operand on the right:

1 + 2.to_string

This results in Inko running 1 + '2', producing a compile-time error.

Indexing operators

There are two operators used for indexing/slicing: [] and []=. The [] operator is used for accessing an index, while []= is used for assigning a value to an index. You use these as follows:

values[0]
values[0] = 42

These operators are just messages, meaning the above example translates to the following:

values.[](0)
values.[]=(0, 42)

Classes can support these operators by implementing the following methods:

• def [](index: K) -> R
• def []=(index: K, value: V) -> R

Here K is the type of the index, such as an Integer or a String. R is the return type, and V is the type of the value to set.

Instead of implementing these methods manually, you should implement the traits std::index::Index and std::index::SetIndex. This ensures types providing these operators do so using a consistent interface. Let's say we have a type for storing single characters, defined like so:

class Chars {
  @chars: Array!(String)

  static def new(chars: Array!(String)) -> Self {
    Self { @chars = chars }
  }
}

We want to use it like so:

let chars = Chars.new(Array.new('a', 'b', 'c'))

chars[0]       # => 'a'
chars[1] = 'd' # => 'd'

To achieve this, we implement the traits from std::index as follows:

import std::index::(Index, SetIndex)

class Chars {
  @chars: Array!(String)

  static def new(chars: Array!(String)) -> Self {
    Self { @chars = chars }
  }
}

impl Index!(Integer, String) for Chars {
  def [](index: Integer) -> String {
    @chars[index]
  }
}

impl SetIndex!(Integer, String) for Chars {
  def []=(index: Integer, value: String) -> String {
    @chars[index] = value
  }
}

Tip

When implementing the [] method, it's expected for this method to panic when used with a key/index that doesn't exist.